Been functionally characterized(Parenicovet al., 2003). These paralogous genes are the result of duplications inside the AP1/FUL gene lineage: whereas the origin of AP1 and FUL will be the outcome of a duplication that resulted within the euAP1 and euFUL gene clades coincident with the origin of the core-eudicots, the close paralogs AP1 and CAL are likely the result of genome duplication events correlated with all the diversification from the Brassicaceae (Blanc et al., 2003; Bowers et al., 2003; Alvarez-Buylla et al., 2006; Barker et al., 2009; Figure 1A). The core-eudicot duplication was followed by sequence modifications in euAP1 proteins that created a transcription activation (Cho et al., 1999) and also a protein modification motif (Yalovsky et al., 2000). euFUL proteins rather retained the six hydrophobic amino-acid motif that’s characteristic of pre-duplication proteins (FUL-like proteins). The function of this motif is unknown (Litt and Irish, 2003; Figure 1A). Together euAP1 and euFUL genes promote floral meristem identity (Huijser et al., 1992; Berbel et al., 2001; Vrebalov et al., 2002; Benlloch et al., 2006). Also, euAP1 genes play a unique function within the specificationwww.frontiersin.orgSeptember 2013 | Volume four | Report 358 |Pab -Mora et al.FUL -like gene evolution in RanunculalesFIGURE 1 | Summary of: (A) duplication events, (B) functional evolution and (C) expression patterns of APETALA1/FRUITFULL homologs in angiosperms. (A) Gene tree displaying a major duplication (star) coinciding together with the diversification of core-eudicots resulting within the euAP1 as well as the euFUL clades.Elobixibat The pre-duplication genes in basal eudicots, monocots and basal angiosperms are much more comparable in sequence to the euFUL genes and hence have been named the FUL -like genes.Simeprevir Towards the correct with the tree will be the genes which have been functionally characterized.PMID:35954127 In core-eudicots: PeaM4 and VEG1 from Pisum sativum (Berbel et al., 2001, 2012), CAL, AP1 and FUL from Arabidopsis thaliana (Ferr diz et al., 2000), SQUA and DEFH28 from Antirrhinum majus (M ler et al., 2001), LeMADS_MC, TDR4, MBP7 MBP20 from Solanum lycopersicum (Vrebalov , et al., 2002; Bemer et al., 2012; Burko et al., 2013), PGF from Petunia hybrida (Immink et al., 1999), and VmTDR4 from Vaccinium myrtillus (Jaakola et al., 2010). AGL79 will be the Arabidopsis FUL paralog inside the euFUL clade, nonetheless, it was not integrated inside the figure since it has not been functionally characterized yet. In basal eudicots: AqFL1A and B from Aquilegia, PapsFL1 and FL2 from Papaver somniferum and EscaFL1 andFL2 from Eschscholzia californica (Pab -Mora et al., 2012, 2013). In monocots: WAP1 in Triticum aestivum (Murai et al., 2003), OsMADS18, 14, 15 in Oryza sativa (Moon et al., 1999; Kobayashi et al., 2012). (B) Summary from the functions reported for AP1/FUL homologs. Each plus-sign means that the function has been reported to get a particular gene. The orange color highlights the pleiotropic roles of ranunculid FUL -like genes ancestral towards the core-eudicot duplication. Red and yellow highlight the separate functions that core-eudicot homologs have taken on. Green indicates the newly identified part of FUL -like genes in leaf morphogenesis in Aquilegia and in Solanum. (C) Summary of gene expression patterns of AP1/FUL homologs during the vegetative and reproductive phases. The purple colour indicates the locations exactly where expression for each and every gene clade has been regularly reported (Immink et al., 1999; Moon et al., 1999; Ferr diz et al., 2000; M ler et al.,.