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phrases PF-915275 web Alaska Toolik Climate adjust Ecological effects Greenland Zackenberg Medium pass filter VegetationINTRODUCTION Climate warming in the Arctic, substantial more than current decades and well-documented in IPCC reports (IPCC 2001, 2013), is reflected in changes in a wide variety of environmental and ecological measures. These illustrate convincingly that the Arctic is undergoing a system-wide response (ACIA 2005; Hinzman et al. 2005). The altering measures variety from physical state variables, including air temperature, permafrost temperature (Romanovsky et al. 2010), or the depth of seasonal thaw (Goulden et al. 1998),to alterations in ecological processes, including plant growth, which can outcome in adjustments inside the state of ecosystem elements for example plant biomass or changes in ecosystem structure (Chapin et al. 2000; Sturm et al. 2001; Epstein et al. 2004). In spite on the significant variety of environmental and ecological measurements made over recent decades, it has established hard to discover statistically significant trends in these measurements. This difficulty is brought on by the higher annual and seasonal variability of warming inside the air temperature and also the complexity of biological interactions. One answer for the variability challenge would be to carry out long-term studies. These research are costly to carry out within the Arctic with all the result that lots of detailed studies have been relatively short-term (e.g., the IBP Arctic projects in the U.S. and Canada), or have already been long-term projects restricted in scope (e.g., the Sub-Arctic Stordalen project in Abisko, Sweden; Jonasson et al. 2012). At the moment, you can find but two projects underway which might be each long-term and broad in scope: Toolik in the Low Arctic of northern Alaska and Zackenberg in the High Arctic of northeast Greenland (Fig. 1). Here we use information from these web-sites to ask which sorts of measures truly yield statistically significant trends of effects of climate warming Further, are there frequent qualities of these helpful measures that decrease variabilitySTUDY Web pages The Toolik project (Table 1) is located in the University of Alaska’s Toolik Field Station (TFS) some 125 km inland in the Arctic Ocean. The Long term Ecological Study (LTER)1 and associated projects at this website havehttp:arc-lter.ecosystems.mbl.edu.The Author(s) 2017. This short article is published with open access at Springerlink.com www.kva.seenAmbio 2017, 46(Suppl. 1):S160SFig. 1 Location of Toolik, Alaska (68o380 N, 149o430 W) and Zackenberg, Greenland (74o300 N, 21o300 W), long-term arctic study sitesTable 1 Ecological settings for Toolik and Zackenberg analysis web pages Toolik field station Location Inland, Northern Alaska 68o380 N, 149o430 W, 719 m altitude Physical Rolling foothills, Continuous permafrost (200 m), annual setting temperature -8 , summer season (mid-June to mid-August) 9 , annual precipitation 312 mm Ecology Tussock tundra (sedges, evergreen PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21301389 and deciduous shrubs, forbs, mosses, and lichens). Low shrubs, birches, and willows grow between tussocks and along water tracks and stream banks. Low Arctic LTER (Long term Ecological Research), ITEX (International Tundra Experiment), NOAA’s Arctic Plan, CALM (Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring), and also the TFS environmental monitoring plan Zackenberg Coast, Northeast Greenland 74o300 N, 21o300 W, 0 m altitude Mountain valley, Continuous permafrost (estimated 20000 m), annual temperature -8 , summer time (3 months) four.5 , an.