Ators of adjust are NDVI and also the active layer thickness. Search phrases Alaska Toolik Climate change Ecological effects Greenland Zackenberg Medium pass filter VegetationINTRODUCTION Climate warming in the Arctic, substantial over recent decades and well-documented in IPCC reports (IPCC 2001, 2013), is reflected in alterations in a wide range of environmental and ecological measures. These illustrate convincingly that the Arctic is undergoing a system-wide response (ACIA 2005; Hinzman et al. 2005). The altering measures range from physical state variables, for example air temperature, permafrost temperature (Romanovsky et al. 2010), or the depth of seasonal thaw (Goulden et al. 1998),to adjustments in ecological processes, for example plant development, which can result in changes within the state of order mDPR-Val-Cit-PAB-MMAE ecosystem elements for instance plant biomass or changes in ecosystem structure (Chapin et al. 2000; Sturm et al. 2001; Epstein et al. 2004). In spite of your huge variety of environmental and ecological measurements produced over current decades, it has proven tough to uncover statistically substantial trends in these measurements. This difficulty is brought on by the high annual and seasonal variability of warming within the air temperature and the complexity of biological interactions. One particular solution for the variability issue should be to carry out long-term studies. These studies are pricey to carry out in the Arctic with all the result that lots of detailed research happen to be fairly short-term (e.g., the IBP Arctic projects within the U.S. and Canada), or happen to be long-term projects limited in scope (e.g., the Sub-Arctic Stordalen project in Abisko, Sweden; Jonasson et al. 2012). At present, you will discover but two projects underway which are both long-term and broad in scope: Toolik in the Low Arctic of northern Alaska and Zackenberg inside the High Arctic of northeast Greenland (Fig. 1). Right here we use data from these web sites to ask which forms of measures really yield statistically significant trends of effects of climate warming Further, are there widespread traits of these useful measures that lessen variabilitySTUDY Internet sites The Toolik project (Table 1) is positioned at the University of Alaska’s Toolik Field Station (TFS) some 125 km inland in the Arctic Ocean. The Long-term Ecological Investigation (LTER)1 and related projects at this website havehttp:arc-lter.ecosystems.mbl.edu.The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com www.kva.seenAmbio 2017, 46(Suppl. 1):S160SFig. 1 Place of Toolik, Alaska (68o380 N, 149o430 W) and Zackenberg, Greenland (74o300 N, 21o300 W), long-term arctic study sitesTable 1 Ecological settings for Toolik and Zackenberg investigation sites Toolik field station Location Inland, Northern Alaska 68o380 N, 149o430 W, 719 m altitude Physical Rolling foothills, Continuous permafrost (200 m), annual setting temperature -8 , summer (mid-June to mid-August) 9 , annual precipitation 312 mm Ecology Tussock tundra (sedges, evergreen PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21301389 and deciduous shrubs, forbs, mosses, and lichens). Low shrubs, birches, and willows develop between tussocks and along water tracks and stream banks. Low Arctic LTER (Long term Ecological Investigation), ITEX (International Tundra Experiment), NOAA’s Arctic Program, CALM (Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring), and the TFS environmental monitoring system Zackenberg Coast, Northeast Greenland 74o300 N, 21o300 W, 0 m altitude Mountain valley, Continuous permafrost (estimated 20000 m), annual temperature -8 , summer time (three months) four.five , an.