Huge quantity of customers, the HFC networks are expected to constantly dominate the broadband access market place [109,112]. Nevertheless, as illustrated in Figure two, cable Television broadband solutions depend on shared network infrastructure. Hence, the network dependence around the variety of subscribers sharing the head-end connection limits the effective bandwidth that can be delivered [16,113].Optical nodetelco Head end switch Head finish optical transceiverInternetLine RF amplifierCoaxial cable FiberFigure 2. A common HFC architecture.Appl. Sci. 2021, 11,11 ofTable 1. DOCSIS evolution.DOCSIS Version 1.0 1.1 2.0 three.0 three.1 (three.1)aDownstream Capacity 40 Mbps 40 Mbps 40 Mbps 1 Gbps 10 Gbps 10 GbpsUpstream Capacity ten Mbps ten Mbps 30 Mbps one hundred Mbps 1 Gbps 10 GbpsProduction Date 1996 1999 2001 2006 2013aFeatures Initial release with high-speed net access Added voice more than IP service, streaming, and gaming capabilities Improved upstream speed and symmetric service capability Delivers improved capacity (both downstream and upstream). Also supports IPv6 and channel bonding Considerable efficiency and capacity advancement, wideband channel, OFDM Enhanced upload speeds and symmetrical streaming Complete duplex.Reference [11420] [11420] [11420] [11420] [11420] [111,114,115,11720]2.1.2. Broadband Powerline Power Line Communication (PLC) is a concept that may be primarily based around the use of electrical wires for information transmission [121]. A standard BPL program is depicted in Figure 3. The main motivation for its deployment will be the need for option signifies of providing broadband last-mile access in diverse locations [122,123]. The BPL technologies is relevant in this scope because of the current connection from the power grid to diverse residences and offices utilizing the grid infrastructure. This saves the have to have for YC-001 Data Sheet additional investment in the backbone installation [12426]. Note that aside from becoming used for electrical energy transmission, it can be also employed for the transmission of more audio (speech and music) and video signals. Primarily based on this, distinct applications which include in-home automation, broadband Web access, broadband LAN connectivity, smart city, wireless power transfer, automatic remote metering, telemetry, in-vehicle communications, as well as other transport systems can advantage from PLC network [121,12628].BPL injectorBPL Methyl jasmonate Autophagy repeaterBPL extractorData/InternetMedium voltage power line Low voltage energy lineFigure three. A common BPL architecture.two.1.3. Digital Subscriber Line DSL technology delivers implies of delivering digital broadband solutions through the local phone network [129]. There has been notable competitors in between the DSL service providers along with the cable corporations to give the triple play services–the Online, Web protocol TVs (IPTVs), and VoIPs. Consequently, DSL is among the dominating broadband access technologies within the network [129]. For efficient assistance of data-intensive andDistribution transformerAppl. Sci. 2021, 11,12 ofmultimedia solutions, DSL providers are striving for higher data prices to ensure effective competition via numerous innovative technologies with unique features [129] as summarized in Table two. A single notable approach of realizing greater speed access getting adopted by DSL service providers is bandwidth expansion. On the other hand, the method may possibly lead to crosstalk that may subsequently result in interference in the system [129,130]. For that reason, in DSL networks, the big impediment to functionality improvement may be the electromagnetic interferenc.