to catechin and proanthocyanidin flavanol pigments [25, 26] in the testa (seed coat) of wheat can also be linked with seed dormancy [1, 22, 27]. R genes genetically manage testa colour in wheat and are mapped towards the distal area of homeologous group three chromosomes [28]. R genes act as transcriptional activators of the flavonoid synthesis pathway genes chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) [29]. Myb-type transcription aspect genes (Tamyb10-A1, Tamyb10-B1 and Tamyb10-D1), which are situated for the very same genetic intervals as the R loci, manage the red grain colour of wheat by up-regulating the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway structural genes DFR, CHI, F3H, and CHS [1, 29]. Embryo-imposed dormancy is precisely regulated by seed developmental processes [7]. ABA and its crosstalk with GA and auxin play fundamental roles in regulating embryo-imposed dormancy [1, 7]. A variety of genes involved in ABA biosynthesis and signal transduction happen to be identified to have roles in seed dormancy in diverse species [30]. The Viviparous-1 (Vp-1)/Abscisic Acid Insensitive3 (ABI3) gene, which encodes a dormancy related-transcription factor and is involved in ABA signal transduction, is an essential regulator of late embryogenesis in maize and late embryo development in wheat [313]. The TaVp-1 loci are located about 30 cM proximal for the R genes around the group three chromosomes of wheat [29, 34, 35]. A variety of other ABA synthesis and signal transduction pathway genes for instance wheat homolog of Mother of FT and TFL1 (TaMFTlike/TaPHS1), ABA-induced Wheat Plasma Membrane 19 (PM19-A1/A2) [36], wheat homolog of cytochrome P450 family 707 subfamily A polypeptide 1 gene (TaCYP707A1) and Delay of Germination 1 (TaDOG1) have been found associated with seed dormancy [2, 372]. Many research demonstrated that epigenetic modifications by means of DNA [43] and histone methylation [44, 45] may also influence seed dormancy and PHS resistance [5]. Histone deacetylases have also been found to modulate seed germination and ABA-induced gene expression in Arabidopsis [46, 47] and have been discovered to be modulated by ABA in barley [48]. Recently, the function of ARGONAUTE genes of ARG4_9 class, which play crucial roles in DNA silencing in plants by way of the RNA dependant DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway, was explored in wheat and barley [5, 43]. An association of DNA methylation and polymorphism in ARGONAUTE gene AGO802B on CDK3 Gene ID chromosome 3B and PHS resistance was demonstrated in embryos of PHS resistant and susceptible cultivars of wheat [5]. All wheat chromosomes possess quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related with PHS resistance, resulting in aDhariwal et al. BMC Genomics(2021) 22:Page three oftotal 110 loci in wheat [6]. QTLs have been repeatedly reported on groups three and four chromosomes from various wheat genotypes [6], which include the significant QTLs QPhs. pseru-3A/TaPHS1 on chromosome arm 3AS [42, 49, 50] and Phs1 on chromosome arm 4AL [51, 52]. As well as genes/QTLs described above, causal/candidate genes from a few of the PHS associated QTLs have also been cloned/identified like mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (TaMKK3-A) for Phs1 QTL on chromosome arm 4AL [52], TaSdr-A1a [53], and TaSdr-B1 [7]. In wheat, red-grained cultivars are typically a lot more PHS resistant than these which are white-grained [34]. Working with genealogical evaluation of 148 red-grained and 63 whitegrained North-American IKKε custom synthesis spring wheat cultivars wit